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Search Results - Subtype

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In computer science, a subtype is a datatype that is generally related to another datatype (the supertype) by some notion of substitutability, meaning that computer programs written to operate on elements of the supertype can also operate on elements of the subtype. More specifically, the supertype-subtype relation is often taken to be the one defined by the Liskov substitution principle; however, any given programming language may define its own notion of subtyping, or none at all. The concept is related to the linguistic topics of hypernymy and holonymy.

A simple practical example of subtypes is shown in the diagram, right. The generic object "bird" (or, supertype) gives rise to three derived objects (or, subtypes) "duck", "cuckoo" and "ostrich". Each of these varies the basic "bird" concept in its own way, but still inherits many "bird" characteristics. A data object may be declared as any one of the four types. The UML notation is used in this diagram, with open-headed arrows showing the direction and type of the relationship between the supertype and its subtypes.

In most class-based object-oriented languages, subclasses give rise to subtypes if A is a subclass of B, then an instance of class A may be used in any context where an instance of type B is expected; thus we say A is a subtype of B. A consequence of this is that any variable or parameter declared as having type B might, at run time, hold a value of class A; in this situation many object-oriented programmers would say that B is the variable's static type and A is its dynamic type. Exceptions to this rule include private inheritance in C++ (which does not create subtypes), and certain operations on derived types in Eiffel, wherein features inherited from a base class can be removed or modified in a way which violates the subtyping rule.

As another example, a language might allow integer values to be used wherever floating-point values are expected, or it might define a type number containing both the integers and the reals. In the first instance, the integer type would be a subtype of the floating-point type; in the second, those two types might be unrelated to each other by subtyping but both would be subtypes of number.

Showing 1 to 25 of 25 Articles matching 'Subtype' in related articles.
Pages: 1

1. Free online NFL football games NFL Internet
November 16, 2009

A currency warranty is in a broad sense, the Constitution and Rules of the entire financial system of one country, refers to the particular setting of the Mint and staff in the currency area. The currency area is the scope of a currency. It enables the transfer of goods and services. Currency is thus a subtype of the cash. Most currencies are traded on international currency markets. The ensuing price is there described as an exchange. Almost all major currencies based totally on the decimal system, meaning there's a main unit and a subunit with the subunit represents one / one hundred o... (read more)

Author: Damien Gillespie

2. Online currency converter Online Currency Convertor Now
November 13, 2009

A currency warranty is in a broad sense, the Constitution and Rules of the whole financial system of one country, is related to the particular setting of the Mint and staff within the currency area. The currency area is the remit of a currency. It enables the transfer of goods and services. Often the term is utilized synonymously for the currency recognized by the State sort of cash. Currency is so a subtype of the cash. Most currencies are traded on global currency markets. The ensuing price is there described as an exchange. Just about all major currencies primarily based on the decim... (read more)

Author: Burt Mitchell

3. No Fax Instant Payday Loans - Money without Faxing Formalities
October 09, 2009

Are you going to apply for a loan? Do you think you are going to make a right move? Well, we suggest you that you should choose a loan which takes very less time in formalities and for approval. One of them is no fax instant payday loans. This is a subtype of payday loans. With this you can get money without faxing formalities. No fax instant payday loan option is open for US citizens only. Anyone else can’t opt for it because 6 months US citizenship is at least necessary for it. Applicant should be 18 years of age minimum. He should own a good job. There is a minimum salary condition f... (read more)

Author: Alan Cruzs

4. Blood Cancer Treatment In India-By Trained Surgeons Treatment In India
September 24, 2009

  Blood Cancer In India Blood Cancer (Leukemia) - Treatment Overview The goal of treatment for Blood Cancer (Leukemia) is to destroy the leukemia cells and allow normal cells to form in your bone marrow. Treatment decisions are based on the type and subtype of leukemia you have, its stage, and your age and general health. Treatment for acute Blood Cancer (Leukemia) Induction : -The goal of this stage is remission. Remission is a period in which the leukemia cells have been destroyed and are replaced with healthy cells. Induction is done with high doses of powerful drugs which m... (read more)

Author: Pankaj Nagpal

5. swine flue - Instruction to avoid swine flue
September 15, 2009

The 2009 flu outbreak in humans that is widely known as "swine flu" or officially as h1n1 is due to an apparently virulent new strain of influenza a virus subtype H1N1 that was produced by reassortment from one strain of human influenza virus, one strain of avian influenza virus and two separate strains of swine influenza. The origin of this new strain is unknown, and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) reports that this strain has not been isolated in pigs. It passes with apparent ease from human to human, an ability attributed to an as-yet unidentified mutation. This 2009 H1N... (read more)

Author: John Lawrence

6. Leukemia Cure - Leukemia Treatment With Green Tea?
September 03, 2009

Chronic lymphocyte leukemia is the most common subtype of leukemia in the United States. It is presently an incurable disease. Unlike most other types of cancer in which early diagnosis increases the probability that a patient can be cured, treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy is associated with increased toxicity but no increase in patient survival. Despite this grim fact, there is good news. A study published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology has shown patients with chronic lymphocyte leukemia in a phase one study, had a reduction of their lymphocyte in 33 % of participant. By doing... (read more)

Author: Muscle Trainer

7. Fight Influenza A(H1N1) virus
July 22, 2009

A virus that is widely known because it rapidly spread through out the world. Killing people in some country like japan, United States etc. Some classes from college up to grades schools are suspended and World Health Organization (WHO) consider it pandemic.The virus is called Influenza A(H1N1). This virus is a subtype of influenzavirus A and the most common cause of influenza (flu) in humans. Some strains of H1N1 are endemic in humans and cause a small fraction of all influenza-like illness and a large fraction of all seasonal influenza. H1N1 strains caused roughly half of a... (read more)

Author: hamid reside

8. Cheap Xanax | Cheap Evista | Cheap Diovan
June 26, 2009

Buy cheap Diovan for communication of broad blood pressure. Diovan (valsartan) is a non peptide, orally astir and limited vasoconstrictor II opposed performing on the AT1 organ subtype. Diovan is acquirable as tablets for test administration, containing 40 mg, 80 mg, 160 mg or 320 mg of Valsartan. The indolent ingredients of the tablets are colloidal dioxide, crospovidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, shackle oxides (yellow, black and/or red), metal stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene antifreeze 8000, and metal dioxide. Diovan is indicated for the communication of hunch unfort... (read more)

Author: Kuldeep Kumar

9. Female Hereditary Baldness and its Male Counterpart
June 19, 2009

Men and women differ in millions of ways and when it comes to hereditary baldness, this stays true as well. The male experience of hair loss is not the same as the female experience. While there are major differences in the causes, treatment as well as symptoms of hereditary baldness in females and males, there are also some notable similarities as well. There is a specific subtype of hair loss called androgenetic alopecia. Androgenetic alopecia is the most common cause of baldness in women as well as in men. Andro means related to hormones and genetic means that it is inherited. Whe... (read more)

Author: Seth Carmichael

10. Atypical Depression
June 11, 2009

Atypical depression, a subtype of major depression, is the most common form of depression today. People who suffer atypical depression exhibit all the normal symptoms of depression but they also react to external positive experiences in a positive way. Atypical depression sufferers respond to their environment, enjoying the company of friends but slipping back into deep depression when alone or faced with a stressful situation. It is this aspect of atypical depression that differentiates it from melancholic depression in which external positive experiences still result in depressed feelings. ... (read more)

Author: Andrew Bicknell

11. The Parent's Guide to Inattentive ADHD - Helping Kids With This Disorder
May 11, 2009

Inattentive ADHD is a subtype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is also called ADHD-I. It is characterized by symptoms like lethargy, inactivity, forgetfulness, and more. Every year, millions of children get affected by this problem, but, unfortunately, a large number of cases go unnoticed. Let us take a detailed look at this disorder, its symptoms, and why it goes unnoticed most of the time. ADHD predominantly inattentive is the direct result of the improper functioning of the prefrontal cortex of the human brain. When the prefrontal cortex goes into sleep mode, chi... (read more)

Author: Laura Ramirez

12. Breast Cancer Risk
February 27, 2009

The study's results suggest that there are distinct and separate hormonal risk factors associated with different subtypes of breast cancer. Amanda Phipps, a predoctoral research associate at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, and her colleagues conducted a study to better understand the specific risk factors for the subtypes of breast cancer, which are classified by expression of the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor, and the HER2 receptor. The investigators found that reproductive risk factors varied considerably by breast cancer subtype. Breastfeeding for 6 ... (read more)

Author: XTRA INFO

13. Information on Lymphocytic Colitis
September 29, 2008

Lymphocytic colitis, a subtype of microscopic colitis. Lymphocytic colitis is a type of bowel inflammation that affects the colon (large intestine). The appearance of the inner colon lining in microscopic colitis is normal by visual inspection during colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy. There are two types of microscopic colitis; lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis. In lymphocytic colitis, there is an accumulation of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) within the lining of the colon. In collagenous colitis, there is an additional layer of collagen (scar tissue) just below the l... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

14. Complete Information on Acute promyelocytic leukemia with Treatment and Prevention
June 19, 2008

Acute promyelocytic leukemia, a malignancy of the ivory marrow in which there is an inadequacy of old blood cells in the myeloid cable of cells and a surplus of immature cells called promyelocytes. Acute promyelocytic leukemia is a subtype of intense myelogenous leukemia, a cancer of the blood and ivory marrow. The signs and symptoms particular to APL outcome from a shortfall of natural blood cells payable to crowding out of natural blood cell-producing ivory marrow by the leukemia cells. In Acute promyelocytic leukemia, there is an irregular accretion of immature granulocytes called promyeloc... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

15. Coxsackie Virus - Information on Coxsackie Virus
June 03, 2008

Coxsackie virus (also written as coxsackievirus) is a member of the Picornaviridae family of viruses in the genus termed Enterovirus. Coxsackie viruses are subtype members of Enterovirus that have a single strand of ribonucleic acid (RNA) for its genetic material. The Enteroviruses are also referred to as picornaviruses (pico means "small," so, "small RNA viruses"). Coxsackie virus was first isolated from human feces in the town of Coxsackie, New York, in 1948 by G. Dalldorf. The most well known Coxsackie A disease is hand, foot and mouth disease (unrelated to foot and mouth disease), a... (read more)

Author: james Sameul

16. Complete Information on Epidermolysis bullosa with Treatment and Prevention
May 30, 2008

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of inherited bullous disorders. Infancy is a particularly hard moment for epidermolysis bullosa patients. Generalized blistering caused by any subtype may be complicated by transmission, sepsis, and death. Severe forms of epidermolysis bullosa increase the mortality risk during infancy. The disease is classified into three major categories, including: Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, Epidermolysis bullosa junctional and Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica. These different subtypes are defined by the depth of blister location within the skin layers, and the loc... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

17. Information on gaucher disease.
May 05, 2008

An autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase featuring the pathological storage of glycosylceramide in mononuclear PHAGOCYTES (Gaucher Cells). The most common subtype is the non-neuronopathic form, a slowly progressive condition characterized by hepatosplenomegaly and skeletal deformities. The neuronopathic forms are divided into infantile and juvenile forms. The infantile form presents at 4-5 months of age with anemia, loss of cognitive gains, neck retraction, dysphagia, and hepatosplenomegaly. The juvenile form features a slowly progressive loss... (read more)

Author: Peter Hutch

18. Pemphigus Vulgari Facts and Treatment
December 15, 2007

Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune skin disorder characterized by blistering of the skin and mucous membrane. Pemphigus is an autoimmune disorder that causes blistering and raw sores on skin and mucous membranes. As with other autoimmune disorders, it is caused when the body's defenses mistake its own tissues as foreign, and attack the cells. It is the most common subtype of pemphigus, accounting for 70% of all pemphigus cases worldwide. PV is rare - between one and five people in a million develop PV each year in the UK. Most cases develop in people aged over 50. It is very rare in children.... (read more)

Author: Francis Adam

19. Pemphigus Vulgari Treatment Tips
November 30, 2007

Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune skin disorder characterized by blistering of the skin and mucous membrane. It is the most common subtype of pemphigus, accounting for 70% of all pemphigus cases worldwide. PV is rare - between one and five people in a million develop PV each year in the UK. Most cases develop in people aged over 50. It is very rare in children. Men and women are equally affected. It is more common in certain racial groups. Pemphigus involves blistering of the outer (epidermal) layer of the skin and mucous membranes. It is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system pro... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

20. Mortgage Broker Bond - Reliable And Highly Requested
August 07, 2007

Mortgage broker surety bonds are one of the most highly requested surety bonds out there. As businesses and companies have become ever so competitive today, surety bonds are essential for guaranteeing payments are made on time. And in an industry that is flourishing, mortgage broker bonds allow brokers and lenders to sustain their activity in a legal manner. Mortgage broker bonds are the most common and popular subtype of commercial surety bonds. Essentially, they guarantee the job will get done according to what was stated in the bond. And because of the fact that they are imposed by sta... (read more)

Author: Fabiola Groshan

21. Atypical Depression - Causes and Symptoms
May 23, 2007

Atypical Depression is a subtype of Major Depression characterized by mood reactivity being able to experience improved mood in response to positive events. They'll feel deeply depressed or somewhat hopeful depending on the latest situation they are faced with. Their mood will brighten considerably when dining out with friends or enjoying a good movie. But when they are alone, their mood will slip back into the dark depths of depression. Atypical depression is a variation of depression that is slightly different from major depression. The sufferer is sometimes able to experience happiness and ... (read more)

Author: Juliet Cohen

22. Bird flu outbreaks
April 14, 2007

Of all the avian influenza viruses that are seen in both humans and birds the subtype H5N1 caused the largest number of infections in humans. This subtype leaded to severe diseases and even death. More than that, it is believed that the registered cases are a small percentage of the real number of people that carry the virus. The registered cases are considered the severe ones while the unregistered and unreported cases are believed to be milder and without complications. The H5N1 virus does not affect humans easily and if one person is infected it is impossible to spread the virus to an... (read more)

Author: Fabiola Groshan

23. Can You List Symptoms Of Bird Flu Pandemic?
November 21, 2006

Bird flu is creating a wide spread pandemic in the South East Asian countries. More so, the possibility of it being spread to other parts of the world cannot be neglected. The virus responsible for more than hundreds of deaths has been detected as the H5N1 virus, a subtype of Influenza-A virus. This has been the most deadly bird flu virus till date, since the bird flu generally doesn't attack human beings. The reports of the symptoms of the avian flu have been submitted to WHO (World Health Organization) and CDC (Center Disease Control). They are similar to SARS but not completely similar... (read more)

Author: kanishk manchanda

24. Blowers
March 01, 2006

There are many types of Blowers -- leaf blowers, industrial blowers, snow blowers, etc, Each type has different subtypes such as backpack, handheld, corded and cordless, wheeled, electric-powered and gas-powered, and so on. Each type and subtype differs in function and purposes. For example, while some of them may be specifically manufactured for home maintenance, other more powerful units are aimed at commercial users.Electric-powered blowers require an electrical power source provided from an electrical outlet, through an extension cord. Cordless blowers, on the other hand, use rechargeable ... (read more)

Author: Ken Marlborough

25. Ukraine Begins Slaughter of Birds after Detection of H5 Virus
December 04, 2005

Authorities in Ukraine have began the slaughter of fowl in Crimea, a day after an H5 subtype of bird flu was detected in five villages there. President Viktor Yuschenko declared the affected villages be placed under a state of emergency on Saturday. Samples from the birds are being sent to Britain and Italy to determine whether it is the deadly H5N1 strain that has killed nearly 70 people in Asia since 2003. Meanwhile in Romania, authorities have quarantined the eastern village of Cioacile after at least three chickens tested positive for the H5 virus. There have been three other bird flu ou... (read more)

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